Types of response, irritability and response to stimuli

Organs of higher animals that respond to stimuli are
1. Flowers
2. Leaf
3. Root
4. Stem
5. Tendril

There three major types of response.

These are
i. Tactic
ii. Nastic
iii. Tropic movements

TAXIS OR TACTIC MOVEMENTS

What is taxis or tactic movement or types of response ?
Taxis or tactic movement/responses is a type of directional responses or movement in which a whole organism moves from one place to another in response to external stimuli such as light, temperature, water and certain chemicals.

So locomotion can be positive or negative
Examples of tactic movements are
1. Thermotaxis
2. Phototaxis
3. Hydrotaxis
4. Chemotaxis

THERMOTAXIS TYPES OF RESPONSE:

this is the movement of organisms in response to temperature change or heat. Example is a snail moving from hot region to a cold region. And this is known as negative Thermotaxis

PHOTOTAXIS TYPES OF RESPONSE:

Phototaxis types of response is the movement in response to light stimuli by organisms. It is the source of light to organisms. E.g. Euglena moving away from sunlight.

HYDROTAXIS TYPES OF RESPONSE:

Hydrotaxis is the response of the whole organism in response to water

or humidity, example is the woodlouse moving towards areas of high humidity

CHEMOTAXIS TYPES OF RESPONSE:

Chemotaxis types of response is the movement of organism in response to a chemical stimuli. Example is Amoeba and Paramecium moving away from hot water

NASTISM OR NASTIC MOVEMENTS

WHAT IS NASTISM?
WHAT IS NASTIC MOVEMENTS?
Nastism is a type of response in which a part of a plant moves in a non-directional stimuli such as changes in light density,

The respond movement is also non-directional. Examples of Nastic movements are as follows
i. Closing of the morning glory flower when the light intensity is low

ii. Petals of sun flower which opens in the light and closes in the dark
iii. The folding of the leaflets of the Mimosa plant when it is touches
iv. The closing of the leaflets of the Flamboyant tree. That is sleeping movement due to low light intensity.

TROPISM OR TROPIC MOVEMENTS TYPES OF RESPONSE

WHAT IS TROPISM?
Tropism types of response in which a part of a plant moves in response to a directional stimulus.

The direction of the movement is related to that of the stimulus and it is positive if the plant part grows towards the stimulus and it is negative if the plant part grows away from the stimulus.

Tropism are very slow growth movement. They are named according to the stimuli, e.g. Phototropism which is a response to light and Hydrotropism which is response to water.

EXAMPLES OF TROPIC RESPONSES

Names of stimuli, names of response and examples of it

1. LIGHT==phototropism type of response====examples are how the shoots of plants bends towards light which is known as =positive phototropic.. while the roots of plants moves away from light also known as negative phototropic

2. GRAVITY==GEOTROPISM== examples are the shoots of green plants bends away from gravity which also known as negatively Geotropic=while roots bends towards gravity also known as positively Geotropic

3. WATER==Hydrotropism==example is how the roots of plants move towards moisture which is known as positively Hydrotropic= while the shoot bends away from moisture also known as negatively Hydrotropic

4. TOUCH==THIGMOTROPISM==example is how the tendrils of a climbing plant twine around a support as a positive response to touch== while the roots grows away from touch as a negative response

The differences between TROPIC AND nastic movements. These are the major difference between tropic and nastic movement and response to either internal or external stimuli.

It cannot be said enough here about the difference between tropic and nastic movement in response to stimuli in living organisms; here I am going to treat a little of the varied difference between tropic and nastic movement

TROPIC MOVEMENT TYPES OF RESPONSE OR IRRITABILITY

The question is how do we recognize a tropic movement? The following are the various ways to recognize a tropic movement

1. Tropic movement involves growth movement
2. Topic movement involves responding to unilateral stimuli
3. In tropic types of response, movement, response is very slow
4. Growth in tropic movement is irreversible
5. Tropic movement is not due to turgor
6. Tropic movement is a directional, positive or negative response to stimuli

Here are the various ways or major

differences that makes nastic movement different from tropic movement.

They are as follows
1. Nastic movement is not a growth movement
2. Organisms do not respond to diffuse stimuli in nastic movement
3. In nastic movement, responding to stimuli is very fast

4. Growth in Nastic movement is reversible
5. Nastic movement can be due to changes in cell turgor
6. Nastic movement is non-directional. It is neither positive nor negative response

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT EVOKE RESPONSE OR IRRITABILITY IN ORGANISM

There are so many environmental factors that evokes response in living organisms. They are but limited to the following,
i. Light
ii. Water
iii. Gravity
iv. Temperature and
v. PH

The factors effects plants and animals in so many ways. Worthy of note is that equal exposure of plant (CELL) to light diffuses their hormones equally and this makes the growth of plants upward and upright.

Therefore placing a plant in a horizontal position causes an unequal diffusion of hormones. This will make the shoot negatively geotropic by growing upwards.

So if a plant is starved of adequate light, it tends to respond to any source of light available.

The shoot will then respond positively to the source of light while the root will respond negatively.
Invariably the smaller plants in an attempt to get light from the top, automatically grows taller. And so this type of Growth response is called AEFIOLATION

ROLES OF AUXINS IN GROWTH MOVEMENT IN PLANTS

Auxin is the best known amongst plant hormones. They control tropism by stimulating growth in roots and shoots.

Auxins are produce by the cells in the shoots from where they diffuse to the growing regions.

For example, Auxins influence phototropic movements in plants in the flowing ways
i. Auxins are produces at the tip of the shoot.
ii. Auxins diffuse or migrate to growing areas of the plants

iii. The shoot of plants will definitely grow straight as long as there is equal concentration of light and Auxins in all sides

iv. Unilateral illumination of the shoot causes the Auxin to the sides of the shoot moving away from light
v. The increase in the number of Auxin in a particular area makes growth faster

vi. This eventually causes a curvature or bending towards the source of the light thereby resulting in positive Phototropism

HOW LIGHT BRINGS ABOUT TROPIC RESPONSE MOVEMENT IN ROOT AND STEM OF A FLOWERING PLANT

SHOOT OR STEM RESPONSE

1. When unilateral light falls on the stem, the Auxin which is also known as the growth hormone is displaced from the lighted to the dark side.
2. The increase in Auxin concentration on the dark side increases growth on that side, causing the stem to bend toward light known as positive phototropism

ROOT
I. The Auxin is displaced from the lighted side to the dark side
II. The increase in Auxin concentration in the root retards growth in the dark side, so causing the root to bend away from the light which is known as negative phototropism

MOVEMENT OF THE CELL TYPES OF RESPONSE:

What is movement in living organism?
Do living things actually move from place to place as type of types of response ?

So here I will be writing in details of the various way that living organisms including single cell organisms move from place to place in search of food or responding to internal or external stimuli

So the question now is what is movement or types of response

Movement is the ability of living organisms to move from one place to another. Reasons for movement of cell or living organisms are so many but I will like to write on a few of the following.

i. Searching for food
ii. Escape from danger
iii. Positive and negative response to stimuli
iv. For reproduction sake
All organisms that can move from place to place are equipped with various organelles or Organs and other mechanism for movement

CYCLOSIS TYPE OF RESPONSE:

WHAT IS THE MEANING OF CYCLOSIS?
So what is Cyclosis? Cyclosis is the circulation of protoplasm in cells.
Cyclosis occurs in protozoa organisms like Amoeba, and it is generally known as amoeboid movement.

Amoeboid movement is aided by a mechanism called cytoplasmic streaming. It involves the principle of gel-sol conversion of cytoplasm i.e. the varying of the viscosity of cytoplasm and the accompanying fluid pressure at different points within the cell membrane

Movement in amoeba is accompanied by a continuous streaming of the cytoplasm in a forward direction.

This movement is accompanied by the locomotion of the whole cell. In the forward direction, the central plasma sol is converted to plasma gel which remain attached to the inner wall of the plasma membrane

but at another point the gel is reconverted in to a sol thereby creating what is called pseudopodium in front and the driving force from behind

TYPES OF ORGANELLES FOR MOVEMENT OR IRRITABILITY

There are various types of organelles or organs used by cellular organisms for movement.

Organelles which causes movement affecting the whole cells and leading to cellular locomotion in organisms like paramecium, Chlamydomonas and Euglena are flagella and cilia

What is a flagella?

Flagella are long whip-like projections on the cell surface. They are usually one or two on a cell.
Organisms that moves with the aid of a flagella or possess flagella for movement are as follows
1. TRYPONOSOME
2. CHLAMYDOMONAS
3. SPERMATOZOA
Singular-flagellum
Plural-flagella

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