LIST OF PEST AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION
A pest is an organism which causes damage to crops. Insect pest are those insects that cause physical damage to crops. Insects belong to the group arthropod. Generally insect pests reduce crop yield both in quality and quantity.
1. Classify insect pests into feeding groups
2. Name important field and storage pest of crops
3. Identify nature of damage to crops
4. State preventive and control measures
5. State other important pests of crops
6. Identify the nature of their damage to crops
7. State the preventive and control measures
Classification of crop insect pest into main feeding groups
A pest is an organism which causes damage to crops. Insect pest are those insects that cause physical damage to crops. Insects belong to the group arthropod. Generally insect pests reduce crop yield both in quality and quantity.
1.
Biting and chewing insect pest:
The mouth parts of pests in this group are especially adapted to biting and chewing of various plant parts.
The mouth parts are made up of two hard biting jaws (mandibles). In addition to these, they also have two jaws (maxillae).
They have two lips – flat upper lip (larum) and lower lip (labium) while the maxillae are used to push the crop parts into the mouth, the mandibles are used for the biting and chewing since they are very strong.
These insects can feed on any part of the plant including leaves, fruits, stems, flowers and even roots. Some common biting and chewing insect pests are:
beetles, grasshoppers, termites, crickets, caterpillars of moths and butter flies, locust, army worms and so on.
They feed on many crops such as okro, maize, rice, vegetables, cassava and fruit trees.
2.
Piercing and Sucking Insect Pests:
The mouth parts of these insects are shaped like injection needles and are thus adapted to piercing (that is penetrating into the plant part) and sucking (that is removing plant fluid).
These piercing and sucking habits of the insects lead to] destruction of plant tissues, development of holes through which disease organisms can enter into the plant system and transfer or harmful germs from diseased plants to healthy ones.
All these lead to weakening and eventual death of the plants affected.
Good examples of piercing and sucking insect pests are
aphids (plant lice), cotton stainer, mealy bugs, capsid bugs, and scali insects DIAGRAM Figure 2.8.2A: Cotton Stainer DIAGRAM Figure 2.8.2b: Aphid
3. Boring insect Pests:
These are insects that bore into plant tissues and seeds, kamples are stem borers of cereals and weevils such as beans, rice M maize weevils. Other insects pests which may not fall into the above groups have been found to affect crops. An example is the weaving insect fftich causes the folding of the leaves of crops particularly vegetables. DIAGRAM Figure 2.8.3: Bean Weevil NO.
list of pest
NAME OF Pest,
CROPS AFFECTED
NATURE OF DAMAGE TO CROPS
PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES
1 Stem borer
(Sesamia spp) Cereals e.g. rice, maize sorghum
this Pest eats up the juicy centres of stems thus causing the crop to collapse and die
Burn all crop remains in the farm after harvest, uproot and burn affected crops.
Spray with gammaling 20 or DDT.
2 Army worms
Grain crops e.g. Rice, Maize, Sorghum
They eat up the leaves and stems of the crops leading to mechanical damage of crops.
Plant early. Spray with an insecticide such as gammalin 20.
3 Ear worms
Maize
These larvae bore into the cobs or ears of maize thereby eating up the fresh grains
Early planting and spray with gammalin 20
4 Aphids
Cocoa, groundnut, cowpea
They bite and pierce through the outer texture of growing plants. Sucking out the sap leading to stunting, distortion and defoliation in affected plants
Spray affected crops with insecticides
5 Pod Borers
(Maruca tesulalis) Legumes e.g. Cowpea
They cause damage to the tender parts of the plants, by eating up the flower buds and pods.
This leads to reduction in yield.
Plant with resistant varieties.
Spray with gammalin 20 or diagram.
6 Variegated Grasshopper
(Zonocerus variegates) Yam, vegetables, rice, cassava, etc.
Eats up leaves of plants.
Growing point and stem may be eaten too. Spray with gammalin 20 or vetox 85
7 Yam Beetle
(Heteroligus meles)
Yam Feeds on tubers of yams in the soil causing holes on them.
Dust yam planting materials with aldrin dust before planting.
8 Cassava mealy bug
(phenacoccus Manihoti) Cassava
Affected plants become stunted since the inter-nodes are reduced.
The tip begins to develop bunchy tops, the leaves die off finally, the whole plant looks like a candle stick.
Agriculture, farming, agricultural products and crops classification, cultural practices in agricultural science
Plant early. Dip cassava cuttings in 0.1% Rogor or Ultrasuede solution for 1 minute before planting
9 Capsids Cocoa;
The insects attack young shoots of cocoa and introduce toxic saliva into the plant.
This kills the plant Spraying with gammalin 20
10 Cotton stainer (dysdercus superstitutious)
Cotton strainer Attacks opening cotton bolls thus staining the lint
Spray with insecticide
11 Weevils
Rice, maize, beans.
Eat up the cotyledons of stored products
Spray with insecticide
12 Fruits worm
The larva eats up the fruits Spray with vet-ox 85
13 Termites-Oil palm, cassava, sugar cane, yam, etc
They destroy roots and seedlings of plants especially when young Spray with aldrex 40.
Water crops regularly in the dry season.
14 Boll worms Cotton
They eat up succulent boll. Bolls drop off prematurely.
Pick and burn affected bolls.
Spray with insecticides
8.3 Other Pests of Crops
1. Bird
These attack mainly grain crops such as maize, rice, sorghum and barley.
They also attack fruits in the field. Examples of these birds are Weaver birds (Quela), parrots, etc
A Bird.
(a) Nature of Damage: They peck out planted seeds, eat up grains on the field and destroy leaves of some plants such as oil palm.
They also eat ripe fruits such as pawpaw, mango, and cashew.
(b) Control:
1. Use of scare crows
2. Spraying chemicals such as furadan with aircraft,
3. Shooting with catapult or gun. Scare Crow for birds and mammalian pest in farms.
2. Rodents
These include rats, grass-cutters, African rabbits and hare.
A Rodent (Grass-cutter)
(a) Nature of Damage:
They cut down and eat various parts of the crop especially cereal and tuber crops. Grass-cutters eat up rice, young palm seedlings and maize plants.
Rats eat up stored produce like tubers and grains. Hare eat up planted grains.
(b) Control:
(i) Use of poison baits (ii) Use of traps (iii) By shooting with guns, (iv) Use of rat gums.
3. Other Mammalian Pests
These include monkey, deer, antelopes and bush pig.
They do a lot of damage to crops in the farm by uprooting eating them up.
For example,
monkey eat up plantains, banana maize and cocoa pods.
Control:
(i) Trapping (ii) Shooting with gun.
7b: Giant Rat (Cricetomys gambianus).
Agriculture, farming, agricultural products and crops classification, cultural practices in agricultural science
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STUDY QUESTIONS
1. How can insect pests be classified using their feeding habits?
2. (a) Name 10 insect pests you know. (b) For each one, slate the crop it affects, the damage done to the crop and control measure of the pest.
3. (a) Apart from insect pest, name three other pests you
(b) Which crops do they affect? (b) how can they be controlled?
4. Classify the following into biting and chewing piercing I and sucking, and boring insect pests:- Beetles, Aphids. Stem borer, caps ids, weevils, locusts, mealy bugs, crickets, cotton Steiner,
5. Itemize what you would use for rodents attack on your farm.
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