BLOOD CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS OF FARM ANIMALS 3

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Circulatory system involves all the organs and tissues which are concerned with the movement of materials from one part of the body to another where they are either used or removed. These organs and tissues include the heart, the blood and the blood vessels.

COMPOSITION OF BLOOD

Blood is a fluid tissue. It is made up of two parts:
The fluid plasma and the blood cells or corpuscles.

(1) Plasma: Plasma is the liquid portion of the blood. It is made up of water, blood protein like globulin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, dissolved mineral salts and other organic substances like hormones, enzymes, digested food and waste products within the body.

(2) The blood cells (corpuscles): There are three blood cells or corpuscles. These are
(i) Red blood Cells (Erythrocytes): These are biconcave and circular in shape, non-nucleated when matured. They are manufactured by the bone marrow and any excess is stored in the spleen. Erythrocytes contain an iron pigment called haemoglobin which helps to transport oxygen.
(ii) White Blood Cells (Leucocytes): They are irregular in shape, larger but fewer than red blood cells. They have nucleus and are produced in the lymphatic tissues. The phagocytic leucocytes attack and destroy foreign organisms in the body. In other words, white blood cells defend the body against foreign germs.
(iii) The Blood Platelets (Thrombocytes): They are irregular or star-shaped, tiny and non-nucleated. They are produced in the red bone marrow. The white blood cells are responsible for the clotting.

FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD

(1) It maintains body temperature by distributing heat during circulation.
(2) The red blood cell carries oxygen with the help of hemoglobin to different parts of the body.
(3) It transports hormones from ductless glands to their areas of activities
(4) It transports waste products like carbodioxide, mineral salts, urea, water to where they are removed.

(5) Leucocytes help to defend the body against germs
(6) It helps in blood clotting with the aid of platelets.
(7) It also helps to transport digested food to the cells
(8) It also helps to maintain the water level of the body

THE HEART

The heart is the most powerful organ in the circulatory system. It helps to pump blood round the body. Each pumping action of the heart is known as heart beat.

The heart is made up of muscles called the cardiac muscles which contract and relax continuously, making the heart to beat ceaselessly. It is covered and protected by a thick membrane called pericardium which keeps the heart in good position in the thoracic cavity.

The heart consists of four chambers: The upper auricles (right auricle and left auricle) and the lower ventricle (right ventricle and left ventricle the heart into right and left halves
Between the left auricle and the left ventricle is an aperture guarded by a biscupid or mitral valve and another valve. The triscupid and the right ventricles. These valves only permit one direct flow of blood.
Heart beat occurs in two stages:
(i) Diastole (ii)systole

(i) Diastole: At this stage, the two auricles contract, creating high pressure in the blood which causes the biscupid and triscupis valves to fold downward, thus allowing blood to flow from the auricles into the ventricles. Deoxygenated blood enters the right ventricle from the right auricle while oxygenated blood enters the left ventricle from the left auricle.
(ii) Systo: During this stage, the two ventricles contract, creating high pressure in the blood which causes the two valves to Close. Deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle passes into the pulmonary artery while oxygenated blood from the left Ventricle passes into the aorta. Whi1 this is happening blood from the body is filling up the auricles again. The first stage of the next heart beat then follows after a short lapse of time and the cycle repeats itself.

The Blood Vessels:

The blood vessels are the network of spaces in the body through which materials are moved from one part of the body to the other with the aid of blood.
There are three types of blood vessels these are:
(i) The artery which carries blood away from the heart. it is further divided to form arterioles
(ii) The vein which carries blood to the heart. It is further divided to form veinous
(iii) The Capillaries are tiny blood vessels found around tissues and organs where the artery and vein meet. It is at this region that substances diffuse in and out of the blood.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ARTERY AND VEIN

ARTERY VEIN
1 It carries blood away from the heart It carries blood to the heart
2 All arteries except pulmonary artery carry oxygenated blood All veins except pulmonary vein carry deoxygenated blood
3 It has a thick, elastic and muscular wall It has a thin, less elastic and non-muscular wall

4 It has valves to prevent reflux of blood No valves
5 It lies deep in the muscles It lies near the body surface
6 It has blood which flows rapidly under high pressure It has blood which flows under low pressure

The flow of blood through the heart and the three blood vessels

Circulatory System in Farm Animals

Farm animals possess a Close circulatory system. This means that there is no mixing of oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood in the heart. Farm animals also display a pattern of double Circulation This implies that, for one Complete circulation, blood has to pass through the heart twice, each time going through a separate Pathway. The two pathways are referred to as the pulmonary circulation and the system circulation.
The pulmonary circulation is the movement of blood between the heart and the lungs while the systemic circulation is the movement of blood between the heart and all parts of the body besides the lungs.

IMPORTANCE OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

(i) it circulates nutrients to the body tissues
(ii) it removes waste products from the body tissues
(iii) it assists in heat distribution in the body
(iv) it assists in the distribution of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide from the body tissues.
(v) It contains white blood cells which help in combating diseases.
(vi) It helps in turgidity
(vii) It ensures blood circulation in the body
(viii) It transports hormones and enzymes within the body

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WEED AND THEIR BOTANICAL NAMES
1. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
2. DISEASES
3. 52. SOIL MICRO-ORGANISMS
4. ORGANIC MANURING
5. FARM YARD MANURE
6. HUMUS
7. COMPOST
8. CROP ROTATION
9. GRAZING AND OVER GRAZING
10. IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE
11. IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
12. ORGANIC MANURING
13. FARM YARD MANURE
14. HUMUS
15. COMPOST
16. CROP ROTATION

1. IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE
   19. IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
   20. INCUBATORS
   21. MILKING MACHINE
   22. SIMPLE FARM TOOLS
   23. AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION
   24. THE CONCEPT OF MECHANIZATION
   25. PROBLEMS OF MECHANIZATION
   26. SURVEYING AND PLANNING OF FARMSTEAD
   27. IMPORTANCE OF FARM SURVEY
   28. SURVEY EQUIPMENT
   29. PRINCIPLES OF FARM OUTLAY
   30. SUMMARY OF FARM SURVEYING
   31. CROP HUSBANDRY PRACTICES
   32. PESTS AND DISEASE OF MAIZE- ZEA MAYS
   33. CULTIVATION OF MAIZE CROP
   34. OIL PALM
   35. USES OF PALM OIL
   36. MAINTENANCE OF PALM PLANTATION
   37. COCOA

38.
39. PROCESSES IN COCOA CULTIVATION
HOLING AND LINING
40. YAM
41. LAND PREPARATION FOR YAM
42. DEPT OF PLANTING
43. SPACING OF YAM
44. PLANTING DEPT OF YAM
45. STORAGE OF YAM
46. STAKING OF YAM
47. HARVESTING OF YAM
48. COWPEA
JUTE
49. FORAGE CROP AND PASTURE
50. FORAGE GRASSES
51. SILAGE
52. PASTURE
53. TYPES OF PASTURE
COMMON GRASSES AND LEGUMES
54. GRASSES
55. LEGUMES
56. ESTABLISHMENT OF PASTURES
57. 201. FORAGE PRESERVATION
58. HAY SILAGE
59. FORESTRY IMPORTANCE OF FORESTRY 206. FOREST MANAGEMENT FOREST REGULATION DEFORESTATION AFFORESTATION
60. DISEASES AND PESTS OF CROPS
61. MAIZE SMUT
62. RICE BLAST
63. MAIZE RUST
64. LEAF SPOT OF GROUNDNUT
65. COW-PEA MOSAIC
66. COCOA BLACK POD DISEASE

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1. BALANCED DIETS
   141. LACTATION DIETS
   142. MALNUTRITION
2. RINDER PESTS
   148. NEWCASTLE DISEASE
   149. BACTERIA DISEASES
   150. ANTHRAX
   151. BRUCELLOSIS
   152. TUBERCULOSIS
   153. FUNGAL DISEASES
3. PROTOZOAN DISEASES
   155. TRYPONOSOMIASIS

   159. TAPE WORM
   160. ROUND WORM OF PIGS
   161. LIVER FLUKE
   162. ECTO PARASITES
   163. TICK