Classification Of Plant Kingdom

classification of plant kingdom, this is the plant division of living things, this group of living known as the Kingdom Plantae has three main subdivisions and they are
a. Thallophyta (e.g. green, brown and red algae)
b. Bryophyta e.g. liverworts and mosses
c. Tracheophyta that is vascular plants

The plant kingdom, also known as Plantae, is classified into several divisions based on various characteristics such as the presence of vascular tissues, reproductive structures, and modes of reproduction. As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, the classification system might be subject to updates or changes. Here’s a general overview of the

classification of the plant kingdom:

1. Bryophytes (Division Bryophyta):
   • Characteristics:
     • Lack of vascular tissues (non-vascular plants).
     • Simple, small plants.
     • Reproduce via spores.
   • Examples: Mosses, liverworts, hornworts.
2. Pteridophytes (Division Pteridophyta):
   • Characteristics:
     • Have vascular tissues.
     • Reproduce via spores.
     • Typically larger and more complex than bryophytes.
   • Examples: Ferns, horsetails, club mosses.
3. Gymnosperms (Division Coniferophyta and others):
   • Characteristics:
     • Vascular plants with seeds.
     • Seeds are not enclosed in fruits.
     • Typically have needle-like or scale-like leaves.
   • Examples: Conifers (pines, spruces), cycads, ginkgo, and gnetophytes.
4. Angiosperms (Division Anthophyta):
   • Characteristics:
     • Vascular plants with seeds.
     • Seeds are enclosed in fruits.
     • Flowers are present, facilitating sexual reproduction.
   • Divisions:
     • Magnoliophyta (flowering plants).
       • Subdivided into two classes: Monocotyledonae (monocots) and Dicotyledonae (dicots).
   • Examples: Most of the familiar plants fall under this category, including trees, shrubs, herbs, and flowering plants.

The classification of the plant kingdom continues to be refined and updated as molecular and genetic studies provide more insights into plant relationships. The use of DNA sequencing technology has led to revisions in plant taxonomy, and classifications may be subject to change over time.

Thalophyta types of Plant

This group can be further divided into three main class
1. Rhodophyta that is red algae
2. Chlorophyta that is green algae
3. Phaecophyta which is red algae

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THALOPHYTA GROUP OF PLANTS

I. These are simple microscopic plants
II. Some are unicellular e.g. Chlamydomonas while others are multi-cellular like spirogyra
III. They are simple aquatic plants
IV. They have no true roots
V. They have no true stem
VI. They have no real leaves
VII. They have a cellular cell wall
VIII. Algae are mainly autotrophic plants
IX. They synthesize their own food
X. Algae are filamentous and the cells are not differentiated into tissue
XI. They have no specialized reproductive organs but can exhibit both sexual and asexual means of reproduction
XII. Examples are the free single living Algae like Chlamydomonas. these characteristics are what differentiate Thalophyta in the classification of the plant kingdom

Bryophyta

CHARACTERISTICS OF BRYOPHYTA

i. They are complex, multi-cellular green plants
ii. The cells are differentiated into tissues
iii. They lack true roots, leaves and stems
iv. They are non-vascular plants
v. They are mostly found growing in moist places
vi. Bryophytes can be aquatic or terrestrial
vii. They exhibit asexual reproduction by spores and sexually by gametes
viii. Examples are mosses and liverworts

TRACHEOPHYTA

This division is made up of vascular plants and is grouped into two sub-divisions1. Pteridophyta
2. Spermatophyta

CHARACTERISTICS OF PTERIDOPHYTA

i. They are multi-cellular and vascular green plants
ii. They are non-flowering plants
iii. They have no true roots, leaves and stems
iv. They are mainly terrestrial plants while a few of them are aquatic
v. They are non-seed-producing plants
vi. They reproduce sexually by spores
vii. An example is fern

SPERMATOPHYTA

CHARACTERISTICS OF SPERMATOPHYTA

i. They are multi-cellular, seed-producing flowering plants
ii. They are vascular plants and have well-developed vascular tissues
iii. They have true roots, leaves and stem
iv. They reproduce sexually and do not need water for reproduction
v. They are mainly terrestrial green plants

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SPERMATOPHYTES AND BRYOPHYTES

1. Vascular bundle present vascular bundle absent
2. Stems are present stems are absent
3. They have true leaves no true leaves or stems
4. They reproduce by flower they reproduce through spores
5. They have well-developed roots the Rhizoids

Further, spermatophytes can be divided into two main classes in the classification of plant kingdom. These are
a. Gymnosperm
b. Angiosperm
Characteristics of Gymnosperm
i. These are plants with naked seeds
ii. They do not bear flowers
iii. They have true roots
iv. The seeds are borne on special nobs called cones
v. They are vascular green plants
vi. Examples are pine, cycads, ginkgos and conifers

Characteristics of Angiosperm in the plant kingdom

i. They are the most complex green flowering plants
ii. They are vascular plants
iii. They have well-developed and complete flowers
iv. They are seed plants with seeds enclosed in the fruits
v. They are mainly terrestrial plants
vi. They show more sophisticated or specialized reproductive mechanisms involving pollination and fertilization

Difference between Gymnosperm and Angiosperm

Gymnosperm Angiosperm
i. Don’t bear seeds bear seeds
ii. Seeds are naked seeds are enclosed
iii. Seed borne on cones seeds develop from ovules

DIVISIONS OF ANGIOSPERM

Angiosperm can be sub-divided into two main classes according to their number of seed leaves known as cotyledons,
These are dicotyledonous plants and Monocotyledonous plants

1. PROCESSES IN COCOA CULTIVATION
   Characteristics of dicotyledonous plants in classification of plant kingdom

i. They bear two seed leaves at germination known as cotyledon
ii. The vascular bundles of each stem are arranged in a regular pattern
iii. The floral parts exist in two groups of four or five
iv. The leaves have veins arranged in a branched network
v. They have taproot systems
vi. The usually undergoes secondary growth
vii. Examples are mango, orange and groundnut

Characteristics of monocotyledonous plants

classification of plant kingdom. They have only one seed leaf during germination called cotyledon
ii. The vascular bundles of the stem are scattered
iii. The leaves have veins running into one another
iv. They have fibrous root systems. They do not undergo secondary growth
vi. Examples are rice, maize, millet, palm tree and guinea grass

Difference between dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants

MONOCOT DICOT
1. They possess one seed leaf they have two seed leaves (cotyledon)
2. Scattered vascular bundle vascular bundle arranged in patterns
3. Fibrous root system taproot system
4. Hypogeal germination epigeal germination
5. Floral parts in groups of three floral parts exist in a group of four6. They possess parallel venation they possess net venation
7. Ring of vascular bundle presence of Xylem in stem Centre
8. Do not undergo secondary growth they undergo secondary growth

A typical Angiosperm whether dicotyledonous or monocotyledonous plants has four major parts.

They are listed as follows

FLOWERS

FUNCTION OF THE FLOWERS
I. FLOWERS are responsible for reproduction

How the leaves of various plant type affect the classification of plant kingdom

FUNCTIONS OF THE LEAVES
i. The leaves are responsible for carrying out photosynthesis
ii. It aids in excretion
iii. Used for transpiration
iv. Used for the respiratory process

IMPORTANCE OF STEM IN PLANT KINGDOM

FUNCTIONS OF STEM
i. It gives support to plants
ii. It holds the leaves in the best position to receive sunlight
iii. It conducts water and helps in transporting mineral salts from the roots to the leaves
iv. The stem helps in transporting manufactured from the leaves to other parts of the body
v. The stem helps to hold the flowers in the best place for pollination to take place
vi. Some parts of the stem can also manufacture food

Roots of Plants

FUNCTIONS OF THE ROOT IN THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANT KINGDOM
1. The root holds the plants firmly to the ground
2. The roots absorb water and mineral salts from the ground through a process called osmosis
3. The roots of some typical plants store food like cassava and sweet potato
4. It aids respiration in some aerial plants

THE MODIFICATION OF LEAVES IN THE PLANT KINGDOM

The leaves of some plants are modified for various purposes and the purposes are as follows
1. FOR FOOD: for storage e.g. onion, Garlic,
2. LEAF TENDRILS: e.g. Gloriosa
3. LEAF SPINES: e.g. Cactus, Opuntia and Euphorbia
4. LEAFHOOKS: e.g. Bignonia
5. VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION: e.g. Bryophyllum
6. ANIMAL TRAPS: e.g. Venus flytrap, Nepenthes or pitcher plants, Uticalaria Bladderworts, Sundews, Butterwort, Pinguicula
7. PROTECTIVE SCALE LEAVES: e.g. Onions, Shallots canna.

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Originally posted 2023-11-13 11:58:00.