What is the Circular Flow of Income? The circular flowing of income refers to the flow of payments and receipts for factor services and for currently produced output passing between domestic firms and households.
In other words, it describes the flow of payment from businesses to households in exchange for labour and other productive services and the return flow of payments from households to businesses in exchange for goods and services.
How to determine the circular flow of income
To make the discussion on circular flows of income simple, a two-sector economy, which involves households and firms, will be used.
The households supply factors of production (input) to firms which need them for production purposes. In return, they are paid wages, interest, rents and profits, which constitute their income.
The members of the households use their incomes to purchase goods and services produced by the firms.
This pattern of consumption expenditure made by households constitutes income for firms. This process leads to the formation of an income flow.
The firms again use the income to purchase the productive service of households. Income, therefore, continues to flow in a circular flow of income.
While income flows in one direction, goods and services produced by the firms and the productive services of households flow in the other direction.
FACTORS AFFECTING CIRCULAR FLOW OF INCOME
How savings influence the circular flow of income: This constitutes part of income which is not consumed immediately. They have the tendency to reduce the expenditure of households and firms
- Injection of funds can affect circular income flow: Injection to fund into the circle is an increase in the incomes of (2) households and firms besides their normal processes of selling productive resources and manufactured goods.
- Taxes: Taxes tend to reduce the volume of a fund in circulation as it reduces the expenditure of firms and households.
- Withdrawal: Withdrawal tends to reduce the amount of funds in the circular flowing of income.
- Aids and grants: Aids and grants from the government or other sources increase
the volume of funds in the circular flow of income.
- Import and export: While imports involve expenditure on foreign-made (1) goods and services leading to withdrawals from the circular flow of (2) income, exports provide funds leading
to injection into the circular flow
- How Investment affects income flow: Investments created an (3) additional income, leading to the injection
into the circular flow
LIVER FLUKE
162. ECTO PARASITES
163. TICK
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The Importance Of Circular Flow Of Income
The income circular flow is an economic concept that illustrates the flow of money and resources between different sectors of the economy.
It highlights the interdependence and interconnectedness of various economic agents, such as households, businesses, and the government. The importance of the income circular flow lies in several key aspects:
Economic Activity: The circular flow shows how income generated by one sector becomes expenditure for another sector, creating a continuous cycle of economic activity.
For example, households receive income from their jobs (factor payments) and spend it on goods and services produced by businesses.
This spending, in turn, becomes revenue for businesses, which they use to pay wages and purchase inputs. This continuous flow of income and expenditure is vital for sustaining economic growth and development.
Employment and Income Generation: The circular flow demonstrates the link between production, income, and employment. Businesses hire workers and pay them wages, which become a source of income for households.
This income enables households to meet their consumption needs and contributes to overall economic well-being. In turn, increased consumption leads to increased demand for goods and services, driving business activity and creating employment opportunities.
Taxation and Government Spending: The circular flow also incorporates the role of the government. Governments levy taxes on households and businesses, generating revenue that is used to fund public goods and services, such as infrastructure, education, and healthcare.
Government spending injects additional income into the economy, supporting economic activity and contributing to overall demand.
Savings and Investment: The circular flow includes the concept of savings and investment. Households may choose to save a portion of their income, which is then channelled back into the economy through financial institutions.
These savings are used by businesses and governments to finance investments, such as expanding production capacity or undertaking infrastructure projects. Investments, in turn, lead to increased economic output and income generation.
Economic Stability: The income circular flow helps maintain economic stability by balancing the flow of income and expenditure. When there is an imbalance, such as a decrease in household spending, it can lead to reduced business revenues and potential job losses.
Conversely, increased household spending can stimulate business activity and employment. Understanding the circular flow allows policymakers to identify potential imbalances and implement appropriate measures, such as fiscal or monetary policies, to maintain stability.
