Tillage machinery and implements refers to the tillage implements that are first used to open or loosen the soil w preparing it to receive seeds. This initial opening of the soil is called primary tillage. The primary tillage implement are the ploughs
There are two types of tillage machinery.
These are: Primary tillage machinery:
This refers to the tillage implements that are first used to open or loosen the soil w preparing it to receive seeds. This initial opening of the soil is called primary tillage. The primary tillage implement are the ploughs.
Ploughs as a type of primary tillage machinery and implement
The ploughs are primary tillage implements unlike simple farm tools that used initially to break and turn the soil-over in the course preparing it for planting.
Ploughs break soil into large clods lumps.Tillageis the working of soils or loosening of soils before seeds are planted. The purpose of soil tillage is to provide:
(a) Suitable seed-bed for seed germination and emergence,
(b) Easy water infiltration,
(c) Better soil aeration or air movement,
(d) Control of weeds,
(e) Erosion control,
(f) To work organic matter into the soil, and
(g) Adverse environment for soil inhabiting pathogens and pests.
There are two types of tillage machinery. These are:
Primary tillage machinery:
This refers to the tillage implements that are first used to open or loosen the soil w preparing it to receive seeds. This initial opening of the soil is called primary tillage.
The primary tillage implement are the ploughs.
Ploughs:
The ploughs are primary tillage implements that used initially to break and turn the soil-over in the course preparing it for planting. Ploughs break soil into large clods lumps.
The ploughs are of three types. These are the moldboard plough, chisel plough, and the disc plough.The mouldboard plough amongst other parts, has the caughter and share for cutting and mouldboard for inverting the soil. Most importantly,
The disc plough has discs or concave metal blades that cut into the and turn it over. The discs are mounted on frames called disc standards. The standards connect the discs to the beam or hols and cylindrical part of the plough. The disc plough can better and is more adapted to Nigerian soils than the mouldboard plough.
The ploughs are usually attached to be pulled by the tract Work animals such as bullocks can also be used to pull plough for land cultivation.
(B)
Secondary tillage machinery and implements:
This refers to tillage implements used to cultivate the soil after the ploughs have initially been used.
The purposes of secondary types of tillage machinery include:
- To break down the large solid clods obtained from primary tillage.
- Kill weeds further
- Incorporate manure or fertilizers into the soil, and
- Produce suitable tilt or soil structure for seeds
The secondary tillage machinery includes the harrows, ridgers, cultivators, rotavators and rollers.
Harrows
The harrows are secondary tillage implements used for breaking help to put the soil in good seed-bed condition for seed emergence. The use of harrows kills weeds not affected by the ploughs. The implement can also be used to cover seeds with soil after broadcast.
The harrows consist of disc, or tines that are fitted to a shaft. All the parts rotate as one unit. The implement is hitched or attached to the tractor during farm operation.
Different types of harrows tillage implements are in existence.
They include:
1. The disc harrow
2. Spike toothed harrow
3. Spring tine harrow and
4. Tandem disc harrow
(ii)
Ridgers tillage machinery and implement:
The ridger is an implement that is used to turn the soil in one direction after ploughing to form ridges. Crops such as yam, cassava and potato can be sown thereafter.
There are two types of ridges. These are the disc ridger and mouldboard ridger.
The two ridgers work in the same way. However, the disc ridger 1 is better for use in Nigerian soils. This is because the soil contains obstacles such as stumps, roots and stones.
At times the soils are sticky and disc ridger can effectively work in such conditions without frequent breakdown.
The disc ridger consists of opposed concave discs which actually make the ridges. The discs are fitted to mental frame called standard.
This is bolted to a bigger frame called beam. The ridger is attached to the tractor during field operation. The mouldboard ridger has features common to the disc
ridger. It however has concave or convex blades used to turn the soil in order to form rid»es.
(iii)
Cultivator tillage machinery and implements :
The cultivator is a secondary tillage implement. It is attached to the tractor during field operation. It consists of several tines used to stir the soil and breakdown soil clods.
The cultivator is also used for weed combing, and dragging out stones and tree roots from the soil. The implement can be used for weeding and incorporating fertilizers into the soil after broadcast.
(iv)
Rotavator tillage machinery:
This is also a secondary tillage implement that has set of rotating blades. It breaks up soil clods and farm thrashes are chopped up in the process for easy decomposition.
Other farm machinery for tillage practices
Seed drills: These machines can be operated by tractor or by hand. They drop or plant seeds and in some cases, discharge fertilizer at the same time. Most seed drills plant crops in row. They are set up to plant seeds at appropriate rate and distance. Crops such as maize, rice, wheat, barley, rye. oat and beans can be planted using the drills.
(b)
Planters tillage machinery and implements-*+
These are machines designed to plant seeds. Some of them are built to plant one type of seed. Others can plant more than one type of crop. This is achieved by changing the plates.
The planter built to plant seeds in rows with enough distance between the stands is referred to as row planter. Some plant are able to plant seeds and distribute fertilizer at the same time
The planters can be mounted on a tractor or trailed.
(c)
Lathes:
The lathe is a machine that is used for holding and turning wood or metal into different shapes. Today, there many different lathes used for all types of shaping of mi materials.
The kinds of lathes developed from the centre lathe capstan lathes, turrel lathes, cropping lathes, automatic lat|j and special purpose- lathes. In the school workshop, the operations are turning, facing, drilling, boring, parting, knurl! and sometimes screw cutting.
(d)
Motor-saw or powered chain-saw tillage machinery and implements
This is a machine consists of a small petrol engine, steel blade and chain round the blade.
The chain rotates during operation and is the cut edge of the machine. The motor-saw has two handles for ei handling and positioning during use. The machine is becoming popular among small-scale farmers because:
(i) It is used in cutting down (felling) trees during farming preparation.
(ii)It is used in felling and cutting timber trees into logs.
(iii)it Also used to split logs into planks.
(iv) It is used in trimming the big branches of trees.
(e)
Harvesters:
These are machines designed for the harvesting of ripe and mature crops from the field.
Common harvest machines as types tillage implements :
(i) Combine harvester,
(ii) Forage harvesters.
(iii)Corn pickers
(iv) Balers,
(v) Cotton scrippers-. and
(vi) Field mowers.
The combine harvester is commonly used in commercial farms for the harvesting of cereals such as rice, maize, wheat, barley As the name suggests, the combine cuts the standing crops, separates the seeds from the chaff, and collects the grains tank while tank while the crop residues are thrown Held. These activities are completed in one operation.
The forage harvesters are machines used in cutting forage crops (grasses and legumes) for making silage to be kept for feeding animals during the dry season.
The field mowers (weeders) are machines used to cut grasses for hay making. They are also used for clearing farms lawns and parks. Most field mowers are designed in rows. Examples are the blade mower and the drum mower….
(f)
Sprayer
This is a machine consisting of tank where chemical is stored pump, spray booms and nozzles.
The sprayer is used for:
1. Applying herbicides, insecticides and fungicides.
2. Watering crops
3. Applying liquid fertilizers.
4. Applying hormones to increase fruit yield or prevent dropping of fruits.
There are three types of sprayer.
These are:
1.
The simple knapsack sprayer:
This can take between nine and twenty-three litres of solution. It is usually mounted and tiped to the back of the operator during field operation.
2.
The tractor mounted sprayer:
This is attached to the tractor during field operation. The sprayer is operated by the power take-off or P.T.O.
3.
The knapsack engine operated:
This type is made of plastic tank for the liquid chemical and uses petrol as Its source power. As in the simple knapsack, the operator i the spray boom to the crops or objects to be sprayed.
.
Spraying with chemicals should not be done during bad weather. The chemicals left after spraying exercise must not be poured in places where they can contaminate vegetables, and drinking water
Protective covers should be used by the operator during field operation. Sprayers should be washed, cleaned after use, and a safe place until when needed.
5.
Accessory Tools for tillage machinery and implements
These are tools which are useful for the effective utilization of farm machines. They include:
(a)
Pliers used for holding parts of some tillage machinery and implements
This tool is like a pair of scissors. It is made with two handles having plastic coverings. The pliers holding things such as wires during electrical
(b)
Screw drivers:
These are made of round rods which are beaten flat at the tips. The handles are either made of wooden materials.
The screw driver is used for tightening and re-tightening of screws, it is also used for loosening screw. There is also the star-screw driver with multiple or star-like grooves. they are used to tightening tillage machinery and implements
(c)
Nuts and bolts tillage machinery and implements
for every tillage machinery there are bolts and muts Nuts are small pieces of metal num screwed onto the end of a bolt. On the other hand, bolts are metal pins with heads. Nuts and bolts are together used for holding parts of machines together or in place.
(d)
Spanners:
The spanners are made of metal used for loosening and tightening bolts and nuts of tillage machinery and implements during operation. Some have the two ends split into two teeth for holding nuts and bolts. the spanner is essentially used for:
( i) tightening and re-tightening of nuts and bolts: and
(ii) loosening nuts and bolts.
(e)
Hammers:
The hammer consists of a thick small metal head and a wooden or metal handle. It is used for knocking in nailing and also to beat metals into flat shapes.
(f)
Alien key
This is a tool that is used in tightening, re tightening and loosening deep seated nuts or nuts of some tillage machinery brands that cannot be reached with the ordinary spanner or screw driver.
(g)
Oil applicator or can:
This contains oil which is applied to engine parts with the help of its pointed tip.
(h)
Grease gun:
This instrument is used to apply grease into engine parts. It consists of the tank and a long pipe with which the “tease is pumped into inner parts of engines.
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