biting and chewing insect pest of crops

the mouth parts of a typical biting and chewing insects is well adapted to biting and chewing off young shoots of crop plants.

these attack of biting and chewing insect leads to eventual death of the plant.  

Biting and chewing insect pests

The mouth parts of pests in this group are especially adapted to biting and chewing of various plant parts. The mouth parts are made up of two hard biting jaws (mandibles) FEEDING MECHANISM IN HOLOZOIC. In addition to these, they also have two jaws

mouth parts of biting and chewing insects

maxillae). They have two lips – flat upper lip (larum) and lower lip (labium) while the maxillae are used to push the crop parts into the mouth, the mandibles are used for the biting and chewing since they are very strong.

These insects can feed on any part of the plant including leaves, fruits, stems, flowers and even roots. Some common biting and chewing insect pests are beetles, grasshoppers, termites, crickets, caterpillars of moths and butter flies, locust, army worms and so on. They feed on many crops such as okro, maize,rice, vegetables, cassava and fruit trees.

Biting and chewing Insect Pests

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1. economic tools for nation building
2. budgeting
3. factors affecting the expansion of industries
4. mineral resources and the mining industries
5. demand and supply

6. Characteristics or features of private emterprises

   • Private individuals provide the capital: Private individuals that owned the enterprises are the people to raise capital for the establishment of the enterprise
   • Ownership belongs to private individuals: Private individuals, e.g. sole proprietorship or partnership are the ones that own the business enterprise
   • Objective of business is to make profits: The purpose of setting up the business enterprise is to make profits for the owners of the enterprise
   • Accountability is to the owners: The ions of the business enterprises are usually accounted for and submitted to the owners of the enterprise
   • Owners borne the risk of the less: In the event of business failure t ’liquidation, the owners will have to bear entire risks associated with such failures.
   • Owners manage the business themselves: The daily operations of a business enterprise is controlled and -managed by the owners of the enterprise.

    

   (b)      Public enterprises in: Public enterprises are the types of organisations which are owned, controlled and managed by the government, business organisations are owned by either the local, state or federal government and their major objective is to provide social services to the people. They are associated with such names as authority, corporation, boards and commissions. Examples of public enterprises are public  corporations and companies owned by government such as the Power Holding Co-operation of Nigeria (P.H.C.N.), the Nigerian Ports Authority (N.P.A.), Nigerian Television Authority (N.TA.), Nigerian Railway Corporation (N.R.C.) and Nigerian Telecommunications Plc. (N.I.T.E.L.).

    

   Characteristics or features of public enterprises

   • Government provides the capital:

   Government provides the necessary capital required to set up public enterprises.

   • Ownership belongs to the government: Public enterprises are usually set up by Acts of legislation and  the enteiprise belongs to the government.
   • Objective is to provide social services: The major reason of setting up public enterprises is to provide social amenities and services to the people at reduced cost.
   • Management is accountable to the government: The management of public enterprises is directly accountable to the government that set up the enterprise.
   • Government and tax payer borne the risks: The risks associated with public enterprises are usually borne by the government and tax payers who provided the capital for setting up the enterprises.
   • Board of directors manage the business: The public enterprise is managed by board of directors appointed by the government.
   • Public enterprise is a legal entity: Public enterprise is a corporate body or a legal entity, meaning that it can sue and be sued in its own right.